Kakaretso

Tsoelo-pele e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea lipatlisiso tsa lik'habohaedreite phepong le bophelong bo botle ba likolobe ke ho hlophisoa ha lik'habohaedreite ka mokhoa o hlakileng haholoanyane, e seng feela e thehiloeng sebopehong sa eona sa lik'hemik'hale, empa hape e thehiloe litšobotsing tsa eona tsa 'mele. Ntle le ho ba mohloli o ka sehloohong oa matla, mefuta le libopeho tse fapaneng tsa lik'habohaedreite li na le molemo ho phepo le mesebetsi ea bophelo bo botle ea likolobe. Li ameha ho ntšetseng pele ts'ebetso ea kholo le ts'ebetso ea mala ea likolobe, ho laola sechaba sa likokoana-hloko tsa mala, le ho laola metabolism ea lipids le glucose. Mokhoa oa motheo oa lik'habohaedreite ke ka li-metabolites tsa eona (li-fatty acid tse khutšoane tsa ketane [SCFAs]) 'me haholo-holo ka litsela tsa scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk le scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK ho laola metabolism ea mafura le glucose. Lithuto tse ncha li hlahlobile motsoako o motle oa mefuta le libopeho tse fapaneng tsa lik'habohaedreite, tse ka ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea kholo le ho sileha ha limatlafatsi, tsa khothaletsa ts'ebetso ea mala, le ho eketsa bongata ba libaktheria tse hlahisang butyrate likolobeng. Ka kakaretso, bopaki bo kholisang bo tšehetsa pono ea hore lik'habohaedreite li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mesebetsing ea phepo le bophelo bo botle ba likolobe. Ho phaella moo, ho fumana hore na motsoako oa lik'habohaedreite o tla ba le bohlokoa ba khopolo-taba le bo sebetsang bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea theknoloji ea ho leka-lekanya lik'habohaedreite likolobeng.

1. Selelekela

Lik'habohaedreite tse nang le polymeric, starch le polysaccharides tse seng starch (NSP) ke likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa lijo le mehloli e meholo ea matla a likolobe, tse etsang 60% - 70% ea kakaretso ea matla a kenang (Bach Knudsen). Hoa hlokomeleha hore mefuta le sebopeho sa lik'habohaedreite li rarahane haholo, tse nang le litlamorao tse fapaneng likolobeng. Lithuto tse fetileng li bontšitse hore ho fepa ka starch ka karolelano e fapaneng ea amylose ho amylose (AM / AP) ho na le karabelo e totobetseng ea 'mele ho ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Faeba ea lijo, e entsoeng haholo-holo ka NSP, ho lumeloa hore e fokotsa tšebeliso ea limatlafatsi le boleng ba matla a liphoofolo tse nang le mpa e le 'ngoe (NOBLET le le, 2001). Leha ho le joalo, ho ja faeba ea lijo ha hoa ka ha ama ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe tse nyane (Han & Lee, 2005). Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo bontsha hore faeba ya dijo e ntlafatsa sebopeho sa mala le mosebetsi wa thibelo ya dikolobe tse nyane, mme e fokotsa ho ata ha letshollo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014 ； Wu et al., 2018). Ka hona, ho potlakile ho ithuta mokhoa wa ho sebedisa dikhabohaedreite tse rarahaneng dijong ka katleho, haholoholo dijo tse nang le faeba e ngata. Dibopeho tsa sebopeho le tsa taxonomic tsa dikhabohaedreite le mesebetsi ya tsona ya phepo le bophelo bo botle bakeng sa dikolobe di lokela ho hlaloswa le ho nahannwa ka diforomo tsa dijo. NSP le starch e hanyetsanang (RS) ke dikhabohaedreite tse ka sehloohong tse sa sileheng (wey et al., 2011), ha microbiota ya mala e bela dikhabohaedreite tse sa sileheng ho ba di-fatty acid tse kgutshwane (SCFAs); Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Ho phaella moo, li-oligosaccharide tse ling le li-polysaccharide li nkoa e le li-probiotic tsa liphoofolo, tse ka sebelisoang ho hlasimolla karolo ea Lactobacillus le Bifidobacterium ka maleng (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al., 2008). Ho tlalehiloe hore ho tlatselletsoa ha oligosaccharide ho ntlafatsa sebopeho sa microbiota ea mala (de Lange et al., 2010). E le ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea li-promoters tsa kholo ea likokoana-hloko tlhahisong ea likolobe, ho bohlokoa ho fumana litsela tse ling tsa ho fihlela bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo. Ho na le monyetla oa ho eketsa mefuta e mengata ea lik'habohaedreite lijong tsa likolobe. Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo bontša hore motsoako o motle oa starch, NSP le MOS o ka khothaletsa ts'ebetso ea kholo le ho sileha ha limatlafatsi, oa eketsa palo ea libaktheria tse hlahisang butyrate, le ho ntlafatsa metabolism ea lipid ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng ho isa bohōleng bo itseng (Zhou, Chen, et al., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020). Ka hona, sepheo sa pampiri ena ke ho hlahloba lipatlisiso tsa hajoale mabapi le karolo ea bohlokoa ea lik'habohaedreite ho ntlafatseng ts'ebetso ea kholo le ts'ebetso ea mala, ho laola sechaba sa likokoana-hloko tsa mala le bophelo bo botle ba metabolism, le ho hlahloba motsoako oa lik'habohaedreite tsa likolobe.

2. Tlhophiso ea lik'habohaedreite

Lik'habohaedreite tsa lijo li ka aroloa ho latela boholo ba tsona ba limolek'hule, tekanyo ea polymerization (DP), mofuta oa khokahano (a kapa b) le sebopeho sa li-monomer ka bomong (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Hoa hlokomeleha hore sehlopha se seholo sa lik'habohaedreite se ipapisitse le DP ea tsona, joalo ka li-monosaccharides kapa li-disaccharides (DP, 1-2), li-oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) le li-polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), tse entsoeng ka starch, NSP le li-glycosidic bonds (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Tafole ea 1). Tlhahlobo ea lik'hemik'hale ea hlokahala ho utloisisa litlamorao tsa 'mele le tsa bophelo bo botle tsa lik'habohaedreite. Ka ho tsebahatsa lik'hemik'hale ka botlalo haholoanyane tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'habohaedreite, hoa khoneha ho li arola ho latela litlamorao tsa tsona tsa bophelo bo botle le tsa 'mele le ho li kenyelletsa morerong oa kakaretso oa ho li arola (englyst et al., 2007). Lik'habohaedreite (li-monosaccharide, li-disaccharide, le boholo ba li-starche) tse ka siloang ke li-enzyme tse amohelang 'mele le ho monngoa ka maleng a manyenyane li hlalosoa e le lik'habohaedreite tse ka siloang kapa tse fumanehang (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Lik'habohaedreite tse hanelang tšilo ea lijo ka maleng, kapa tse monyehileng hampe le tse silang hantle, empa li ka senyeha ka lebaka la ho belisoa ha likokoana-hloko li nkoa e le lik'habohaedreite tse hanelang, joalo ka boholo ba NSP, li-oligosaccharide tse sa siloeng le RS. Ha e le hantle, lik'habohaedreite tse hanelang li hlalosoa e le tse sa siloeng kapa tse sa sebelisoeng, empa li fana ka tlhaloso e nepahetseng haholoanyane ea sehlopha sa lik'habohaedreite (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 Tshebetso ya kgolo

Setache se entsoe ka mefuta e 'meli ea li-polysaccharide. Amylose (AM) ke mofuta oa starch e otlolohileng ea α (1-4) dextran e hokahaneng, amylopectin (AP) ke dextran e hokahaneng ea α (1-4), e nang le hoo e ka bang 5% dextran α (1-6) ho etsa molek'hule e nang le makala (tester et al., 2004). Ka lebaka la libopeho le meaho e fapaneng ea limolek'hule, li-starch tse ruileng tsa AP li bonolo ho li sila, ha li-starch tse ruileng tsa am ha li bonolo ho li sila (Singh et al., 2010). Lithuto tse fetileng li bontšitse hore ho fepa starch ka likarolelano tse fapaneng tsa AM / AP ho na le likarabo tse kholo tsa 'mele ho ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Ho ja lijo le katleho ea lijo tsa likolobe tse khoesitsoeng ho ile ha fokotseha ka keketseho ea AM (regmi et al., 2011). Leha ho le jwalo, bopaki bo hlahang bo tlaleha hore dijo tse nang le am e phahameng di eketsa karolelano ya keketseho ya letsatsi le letsatsi le bokgoni ba ho fepa dikolobe tse holang (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019). Ho feta moo, bo-rasaense ba bang ba tlalehile hore ho fepa dikarolwana tse fapaneng tsa AM / AP tsa starch ha ho a ka ha ama tshebetso ya kgolo ya dikolobe tse nyane tse kgwesitsweng (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), ha dijo tse nang le AP e ngata di eketsa ho sila ha dikotla tsa dikolobe tse kgwesitsweng (Gao et al., 2020A). Faeba ya dijo ke karolo e nyane ya dijo e tswang dimeleng. Bothata bo boholo ke hore faeba e ngata ya dijo e amana le tshebediso e tlase ya dikotla le boleng bo tlase ba matla a tlhaho (noble & Le, 2001). Ho fapana le hoo, ho ja faeba ka tekanyo e itekanetseng ha ho a ka ha ama tshebetso ya kgolo ya dikolobe tse kgwesitsweng (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013). Ditlamorao tsa faeba ya dijo tshebedisong ya dikotla le boleng ba matla a tlhaho di angwa ke dibopeho tsa faeba, mme mehlodi e fapaneng ya faeba e ka fapana haholo (lndber, 2014). Ho dikolobe tse kgwesitsweng, ho tlatselletsa ka faeba ya dierekisi ho ne ho ena le sekgahla se phahameng sa phetoho ya dijo ho feta ho fepa faeba ya poone, faeba ya soya le faeba ya koro (Chen et al., 2014). Ka ho tshwanang, dikolobe tse kgwesitsweng tse phekotsweng ka faeba ya poone le faeba ya koro di bontshitse bokgoni bo phahameng ba ho fepa le ho eketsa boima ba mmele ho feta tse phekotsweng ka faeba ya soya (Zhao et al., 2018). Ho thahasellisang ke hore ho ne ho se na phapang tshebetsong ya kgolo pakeng tsa sehlopha sa faeba ya faeba ya koro le sehlopha sa inulin (Hu et al., 2020). Ho feta moo, ha ho bapiswa le dikolobe tse kgwesitsweng sehlopheng sa cellulose le sehlopha sa xylan, tlatsetso e ne e sebetsa hantle haholo β- Glucan e sitisa tshebetso ya kgolo ya dikolobe tse kgwesitsweng (Wu et al., 2018). Di-oligosaccharides ke di-carbohydrate tse boima bo tlase ba dimolek'hule, tse mahareng pakeng tsa tswekere le di-polysaccharides (voragen, 1998). Li na le thepa ea bohlokoa ea 'mele le ea fisiks, ho kenyeletsoa le boleng bo tlase ba lik'hilojule le ho susumetsa kholo ea libaktheria tse molemo, kahoo li ka sebelisoa e le li-probiotic tsa lijo (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto le mancilha, 2007). Ho eketsa chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) ho ka ntlafatsa ho sileha ha limatlafatsi, ho fokotsa ho ata ha letšollo le ho ntlafatsa sebōpeho sa mala, ka hona ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng (Zhou et al., 2012). Ho phaella moo, lijo tse tlatselitsoeng ka cos li ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa ea likolobe tse tšehali (palo ea likolobe tse phelang) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) le ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe tse ntseng li hola (wontae et al., 2008). Ho eketsa MOS le fructooligosaccharide le hona ho ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013). Litlaleho tsena li bontša hore lik'habohaedreite tse fapaneng li na le litlamorao tse fapaneng ts'ebetsong ea kholo ea likolobe (tafole ea 2a).

3.2 Mosebetsi oa mala

Setache se phahameng sa am/ap se ka ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba mala (tribyrine ka e sireletsa bakeng sa kolobe) ka ho khothaletsa sebopeho sa mala le ho laola ts'ebetso ea mala e amanang le tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso likolobeng tse ntseng li khoesa (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011). Karolelano ea bolelele ba villi ho ea ho bophahamo ba villi le botebo ba ho phomola ha ileum le jejunum e ne e le holimo ha e fepuoa ka lijo tse phahameng tsa am, 'me sekhahla sohle sa apoptosis ea mala a manyane se ne se le tlase. Ka nako e ts'oanang, e boetse e ekelitse tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse thibelang ka har'a duodenum le jejunum, ha sehlopheng se phahameng sa AP, mesebetsi ea sucrose le maltase ho jejunum ea likolobe tse khoesang e ile ea eketseha (Gao et al., 2020b). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mosebetsi o fetileng o fumane hore lijo tse ruileng tsa am li fokolitse pH le lijo tse ruileng tsa AP li ekelitse palo eohle ea libaktheria ka har'a caecum ea likolobe tse khoesang (Gao et al., 2020A). Faeba ea lijo ke karolo ea bohlokoa e amang nts'etsopele ea mala le ts'ebetso ea likolobe. Bopaki bo bokelletsoeng bo bontša hore faeba ea lijo e ntlafatsa sebopeho sa mala le ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng, 'me e fokotsa ho ata ha letšollo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber，2014； Wu et al., 2018). Khaello ea faeba ea lijo e eketsa ho pepesehela likokoana-hloko 'me e sitisa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mucosa ea colon (Desai et al., 2016), ha ho fepa ka fiber e sa qhibiliheng haholo ho ka thibela likokoana-hloko ka ho eketsa bolelele ba villi likolobeng (hedemann et al., 2006). Mefuta e fapaneng ea lifaeba e na le litlamorao tse fapaneng ts'ebetsong ea thibelo ea colon le ileum. Lifaeba tsa koro le lierekisi li ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala ka ho laola tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa TLR2 le ho ntlafatsa lichaba tsa likokoana-hloko tsa mala ha li bapisoa le lifaeba tsa poone le soya (Chen et al., 2015). Ho ja faeba ea lierekisi nako e telele ho ka laola tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa protheine e amanang le metabolism, ka hona ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea colon le sesole sa 'mele (Che et al., 2014). Inulin lijong e ka qoba tšitiso ea mala ho likolobe tse nyane tse ntšitsoeng ka ho eketsa ho kenella ha mala (Awad et al., 2013). Hoa hlokomeleha hore motsoako oa likhoele tse qhibilihang (inulin) le faeba e sa qhibiliheng (cellulose) o sebetsa ho feta o le mong, e leng se ka ntlafatsang ho monngoa ha phepo le ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala ho likolobe tse ntšitsoeng (Chen et al., 2019). Tšusumetso ea faeba ea lijo ho mucosa ea mala e itšetlehile ka likarolo tsa tsona. Phuputso e fetileng e fumane hore xylan e khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala, hammoho le liphetoho ho spectrum ea baktheria le metabolites, 'me glucan e khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala le bophelo bo botle ba mucosal, empa tlatsetso ea cellulose ha ea ka ea bontša liphello tse tšoanang ho likolobe tse ntšitsoeng (Wu et al., 2018). Li-oligosaccharides li ka sebelisoa e le mehloli ea khabone bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse ka mpeng e ka holimo ho e-na le ho siloa le ho sebelisoa. Tlatsetso ea fructose e ka eketsa botenya ba mucosa ea mala, tlhahiso ea butyric acid, palo ea lisele tse hlephileng le ho ata ha lisele tsa epithelial tsa mala ho likolobe tse ntšitsoeng (Tsukahara et al., 2003). Li-oligosaccharide tsa Pectin li ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala le ho fokotsa tšenyo ea mala e bakoang ke rotavirus ho likolobe tse nyane (Mao et al., 2017). Ho phaella moo, ho fumanoe hore cos e ka khothaletsa kholo ea mucosa ea mala haholo le ho eketsa haholo polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse thibelang ho likolobe tse nyane (WAN, Jiang, et al. ka tsela e felletseng, tsena li bontša hore mefuta e fapaneng ea lik'habohaedreite e ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea mala ea likolobe tse nyane (tafole ea 2b).

Kakaretso le Tebello

K'habohaedreite ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa matla a likolobe, o entsoeng ka li-monosaccharide tse fapaneng, li-disaccharide, li-oligosaccharide le li-polysaccharide. Mantsoe a thehiloeng litšobotsing tsa 'mele a thusa ho tsepamisa maikutlo mesebetsing e ka bang teng ea bophelo bo botle ba lik'habohaedreite le ho ntlafatsa ho nepahala ha karohano ea lik'habohaedreite. Meaho le mefuta e fapaneng ea lik'habohaedreite li na le litlamorao tse fapaneng ho bolokeng ts'ebetso ea kholo, ho khothaletsa ts'ebetso ea mala le botsitso ba likokoana-hloko, le ho laola metabolism ea lipid le glucose. Mokhoa o ka khonehang oa taolo ea lik'habohaedreite ea metabolism ea lipid le glucose o ipapisitse le li-metabolite tsa tsona (SCFAs), tse belisitsoeng ke microbiota ea mala. Ka ho khetheha, lik'habohaedreite lijong li ka laola metabolism ea glucose ka litsela tsa scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY le ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, 'me li laola metabolism ea lipid ka litsela tsa scfas-gpr43 / 41 le amp / atp-ampk. Ho feta moo, ha mefuta e fapaneng ea lik'habohaedreite e le motsoakong o motle ka ho fetisisa, ts'ebetso ea kholo le ts'ebetso ea bophelo bo botle ea likolobe li ka ntlafala.

Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore mesebetsi e ka bang teng ea lik'habohaedreite tlhahisong ea protheine le liphatsa tsa lefutso le taolo ea metabolism e tla fumanoa ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea proteomics e sebetsang ka bongata, genomics le metabonomics. Qetellong empa e se bonyane, tlhahlobo ea metsoako e fapaneng ea lik'habohaedreite ke ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ithuta lijo tse fapaneng tsa lik'habohaedreite tlhahisong ea likolobe.

Mohloli: Koranta ea Saense ea Liphoofolo