Betaine e na le phello e ntle mala a dikolobe tse kgwesitsweng, empa hangata e lebalwa ha ho nahannwa ka ditlatsetso tse ka bang teng ho tshehetsa bophelo bo botle ba mala kapa ho fokotsa mathata a amanang le letshollo la ho kgweswa. Ho eketsa betaine e le phepo e sebetsang ho fepa diphoofolo ho ka ama diphoofolo ka ditsela tse fapaneng.
Taba ea pele, betaine e na le bokhoni bo matla haholo ba ho fana ka sehlopha sa methyl, haholo-holo sebeteng sa phoofolo. Ka lebaka la phetisetso ea lihlopha tsa methyl tse sa tsitsang, tlhahiso ea metsoako e fapaneng e kang methionine, carnitine le creatine ea ntlafala. Kahoo, betaine e ama metabolism ea protheine, lipid le matla a liphoofolo, ka hona e fetola sebopeho sa setopo ka mokhoa o molemo.
Taba ea bobeli, betaine e ka eketsoa ho fepa e le ntho e sireletsang e kenellang linthong tsa tlhaho. Betaine e sebetsa e le osmoprotector, e thusang lisele ho pholletsa le 'mele ho boloka botsitso ba mokelikeli le ts'ebetso ea sele, haholo-holo linakong tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Mohlala o tsebahalang haholo ke phello e ntle ea betaine ho liphoofolo tse nang le khatello ea maikutlo ea mocheso.
Litlamorao tse fapaneng tse molemo ts'ebetsong ea liphoofolo li hlalositsoe ka lebaka la tlatsetso ea betaine ka mokhoa oa anhydrous kapa hydrochloride. Sengoloa sena se tla shebana le menyetla e mengata ea ho sebelisa betaine e le tlatsetso ea lijo ho tšehetsa bophelo bo botle ba mala ho likolobe tse nyane tse ntšitsoeng.
Lithuto tse 'maloa tsa betaine li tlalehile liphello tsa betaine ho sileheng ha limatlafatsi ka har'a ileum le mala a likolobe. Litlhahlobo tse pheta-phetoang tsa ho sileheng ha fiber ka har'a ileum (faeba e tala kapa faeba e sa nke lehlakore le sesepa sa asiti) li bontša hore betaine e hlohlelletsa ho belisoa ha baktheria ka maleng a manyane hobane li-enterocyte ha li hlahise li-enzyme tse senyang fiber. Likarolo tsa limela tse nang le fiber li na le limatlafatsi tse ka lokolloang ha likhoele tsa likokoana-hloko li bola. Kahoo, ho ile ha boela ha bonoa ntlafatso ea ho sileheng ha lintho tse omileng le molora o tala. Boemong ba tsela eohle ea mala, malinyane a fepuoang lijo tsa 800 mg betaine/kg a bontšitse ho sileheng ha protheine e tala (+6.4%) le lintho tse omileng (+4.2%). Ho feta moo, phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore ho sileheng ha protheine e tala (+3.7%) le ether extract (+6.7%) ho ntlafalitsoe ka ho eketsa betaine ka 1250 mg/kg.
Lebaka le leng le ka bang teng la keketseho e bonahalang ya ho monya dikotla ke phello ya betaine tlhahisong ya dienzyme. Phuputso ya morao tjena ya in vivo mabapi le ditlamorao tsa ho tlatselletsa betaine ho dikolobe tse tswetsweng dikotwaneng e hlahlobile tshebetso ya dienzyme tsa tshilo ya dijo (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin le chymotrypsin) ka hara digesta (Setshwantsho sa 1). Mosebetsi wa dienzyme tsohle o ile wa eketseha, ntle le maltase, mme phello ya betaine e ne e bonahala haholo ka tekanyo ya 2500 mg betaine/kg ya dijo ho feta ka tekanyo ya 1250 mg/kg ya dijo. Mosebetsi o eketsehileng o ka bakwa ke tlhahiso e eketsehileng ya dienzyme, empa hape e ka bakwa ke bokgoni bo eketsehileng ba ho kenya dienzyme. Diteko tsa in vitro di bontshitse hore mesebetsi ya trypsin le amylase e thibelwa ke ho hlahisa kgatello e phahameng ya osmotic ka ho eketsa NaCl. Tekong ena, ho eketswa ha betaine ka maemo a fapaneng ho ile ha tsosolosa phello ya thibelo ya NaCl le mosebetsi o ntlafetseng wa dienzyme. Leha ho le jwalo, ha ho ne ho se na sodium chloride e ekeditsweng tharollong ya buffer, motsoako wa ho kenyeletswa ha betaine ha o a ka wa ama tshebetso ya enzyme maemong a tlase, empa o ile wa bontsha phello ya thibelo maemong a phahameng haholo.
Ho tlalehiloe ka tshebetso e ntlafetseng ya kgolo le sekgahla sa phetoho ya dijo ho betaine e fepuwang dikolobe, hammoho le ho ntlafala ha tshilo ya dijo. Ho eketsa betaine dijong tsa dikolobe ho boetse ho fokotsa ditlhoko tsa matla a phoofolo. Kgopolo-taba ya phello ena e bonweng ke hore ha betaine e fumaneha ho boloka kgatello ya osmotic ya ka hare ho sele, tlhoko ya dipompo tsa ion (tshebetso e hlokang matla) e a fokotseha. Kahoo, maemong ao ho kenngwang matla ho fokolang, phello ya tlatsetso ya betaine e lebelletswe ho ba kgolo ka ho eketsa kgolo ho ena le ka ho boloka ditlhoko tsa matla.
Lisele tsa epithelial tsa lebota la mala li tlameha ho sebetsana le maemo a feto-fetohang haholo a osmotic a hlahisoang ke litaba tsa lumen ea mala nakong ea tšilo ea limatlafatsi. Ka nako e ts'oanang, lisele tsena tsa epithelial tsa mala li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho laola phapanyetsano ea metsi le limatlafatsi tse fapaneng pakeng tsa lumen ea mala le plasma. Ho sireletsa lisele maemong ana a thata, betaine ke ntho ea bohlokoa e kenang ka har'a lintho tse phelang. Haeba u sheba mahloriso a betaine liseleng tse fapaneng, u ka bona hore lisele tsa mala li na le maemo a holimo a betaine. Ho feta moo, ho hlokometsoe hore maemo ana a ka susumetsoa ke mahloriso a betaine lijong. Lisele tse leka-lekaneng hantle li tla ba le bokhoni bo betere ba ho ata le botsitso bo botle. Ka bokhutšoanyane, bafuputsi ba fumane hore ho eketsa maemo a betaine ho likolobe tse nyane ho ekelitse bolelele ba duodenal villi le botebo ba li-crypt tsa ileal, 'me villi e ile ea tšoana haholoanyane.
Phuputsong e 'ngoe, keketseho ea bophahamo ba villous ntle le phello botebong ba crypt e ka bonoa ka har'a duodenum, jejunum le ileum. Tšusumetso e sireletsang ea betaine sebopehong sa mala e ka ba ea bohlokoa haholo mafung a itseng (osmotic), joalo ka ha ho bonoa ho likhoho tsa broiler tse nang le coccidia.
Lerako la mala le entsoe haholo-holo ka lisele tsa epithelial tse hokahaneng ka liprotheine tse thata tsa ho kopana. Botšepehi ba lerako lena bo bohlokoa ho thibela ho kena ha lintho tse kotsi le libaktheria tse bakang ho ruruha tse ka bakang ho ruruha. Likolobeng, liphello tse mpe lerakong la mala li nahanoa hore ke phello ea tšilafalo ea lijo ka mycotoxins kapa e 'ngoe ea liphello tse mpe tsa khatello ea mocheso.
Ho lekanya phello phellong ea thibelo, mela ea lisele hangata e lekoa ka hare ho vitro ka ho lekanya khanyetso ea motlakase ea transepithelial (TEER). Lintlafatso ho TEER li bonoe litekong tse ngata tsa in vitro ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea betaine. TEER ea fokotseha ha lisele li pepesehetse mocheso o phahameng (42°C) (Setšoantšo sa 2). Ho eketsoa ha betaine setsing sa kholo sa lisele tsena tse futhumetseng ho ile ha thibela phokotso ea TEER, ho bontšang ho ntlafala ha mamello ea mocheso. Ho phaella moo, lithuto tsa in vivo ho malinyane a kolobe li senotse keketseho ea tlhahiso ea liprotheine tse thata tsa junction (occludin, claudin1 le zonula occlusions-1) liseleng tsa jejunal tsa liphoofolo tse fumanang betaine ka tekanyo ea 1250 mg/kg ha li bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo. Ho phaella moo, ts'ebetso ea diamine oxidase, e leng letšoao la tšenyo ea mucosal ea mala, e ile ea fokotseha haholo plasma ea likolobe tsena, e leng se bontšang mokoallo o matla oa mala. Ha betaine e eketsoa lijong tsa likolobe tse qetang, keketseho ea matla a ho tsikinyeha ha mala e ile ea lekanngoa ha ho bolaoa.
Haufinyane tjena, lithuto tse 'maloa li hokahantse betaine le sistimi ea antioxidant' me li hlalositse phokotso ea li-free radicals, phokotso ea maemo a malondialdehyde (MDA), le keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Phuputso ea morao tjena ho malinyane a kolobe e bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ea GSH-Px ka har'a jejunum e eketsehile, athe betaine ea lijo e ne e se na phello ho MDA.
Hase feela hore betaine e sebetsa e le osmoprotective ho diphoofolo, empa dibaktheria tse fapaneng di ka bokella betaine ka ho kopanya de novo kapa ho tsamaisa ho tloha tikolohong. Ho na le bopaki ba hore betaine e ka ba le phello e ntle hodima dimela tsa baktheria tsa tsela ya mala ya dikolobe tse kgutsisitsweng. Palo yohle ya dibaktheria tse tshwetsweng ke ileal e eketsehile, haholoholo bifidobacteria le lactobacilli. Ho phaella moo, palo e tlase ya Enterobacteriaceae e ile ya fumanwa ka hara mantle.
Tšusumetso ea ho qetela e bonoang ea betaine bophelong bo botle ba mala ho likolobe tse khoesitsoeng e bile phokotso ea keketseho ea letšollo. Tšusumetso ena e ka itšetleha ka tekanyo: tlatsetso ea lijo ka betaine ka tekanyo ea 2500 mg/kg e ne e sebetsa haholoanyane ho fokotseng keketseho ea letšollo ho feta betaine ka tekanyo ea 1250 mg/kg. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng e ne e tšoana maemong ka bobeli a tlatsetso. Bafuputsi ba bang ba bontšitse sekhahla se tlase sa letšollo le bokuli ho likolobe tse khoesitsoeng ha li tlatsetsoa ka 800 mg/kg betaine.
Hoa thahasellisa hore betaine hydrochloride e na le litlamorao tse ka eketsang asiti e le mohloli oa betaine. Bongaka, li-supplement tsa betaine hydrochloride hangata li sebelisoa hammoho le pepsin ho thusa batho ba nang le mathata a mala le a tšilo ea lijo. Tabeng ena, betaine hydrochloride e sebetsa e le mohloli o sireletsehileng oa hydrochloric acid. Le hoja ho se na tlhahisoleseling e fumanehang mabapi le thepa ena ha betaine hydrochloride e kenyelletsoa lijong tsa likolobe, e ka ba ea bohlokoa. Hoa tsebahala hore likolobeng tse khoesitsoeng pH ea mpa e ka ba holimo haholo (pH > 4), ka hona e sitisa ts'ebetso ea enzyme e senyang protheine ea pepsin ho pepsinogen ea eona ea pele. Tšilo ea protheine e ntle ha e bohlokoa feela hore liphoofolo li ka sebelisa limatlafatsi tsena ka botlalo. Ho phaella moo, protheine e sa siloang hantle e ka lebisa ho ata ho sa hlokahaleng ha likokoana-hloko tse ka bang teng 'me ea mpefatsa bothata ba letšollo kamora ho khoesoa. Betaine e na le boleng bo tlase ba pKa ba hoo e ka bang 1.8, e leng se etsang hore betaine hydrochloride e arohane ha e jeoa, e leng se fellang ka acidification ea mala. Re-acidification ena ea nakoana e bonoe lithutong tsa pele tsa batho le lithutong tsa lintja. Lintja tse neng li phekoloa ka li-reducer tsa asiti pele li bile le phokotseho e kholo ea pH ea mpa ho tloha ho pH e ka bang 7 ho isa ho pH 2 kamora tekanyo e le 'ngoe ea 750 mg kapa 1500 mg ea betaine hydrochloride. Leha ho le joalo, lintjeng tse laolang tse sa kang tsa fumana moriana, pH ea mpa e ile ea fokotseha haholo. Hoo e ka bang 2, ho sa tsotelehe hore na betaine HCl e nooa hakae.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com