I. Core Function Overview
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) ke tlatsetso ea phepo ea bohlokoa haholo e nang le mesebetsi e mengata ho aquaculture. E ile ea fumanoa qalong e le ntho e ka sehloohong e hohelang lijong tsa tlhapi. Leha ho le joalo, ka lipatlisiso tse tebileng, ho senotsoe mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea fisioloji, e leng se etsang hore e be sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle le ts'ebetso ea kholo ea liphoofolo tsa metsing.

II. Lisebelisoa tse ka Sehloohong le Mekhoa ea Ts'ebetso

1. Phepo e Matla e Hohelang
Ena ke karolo ea khale le e tsebahalang haholo ea TMAO.

• Mechanism: Lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa metsing, haholo-hololitlhapi tsa metsing,ka tlhaho e na le likhahla tse phahameng tsa TMAO, e leng mohloli oa bohlokoa oa tatso ea "umami" ea litlhapi tsa leoatleng. Mekhoa ea ho fofonela le ea tatso ea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing e na le kutloelo-bohloko ho TMAO, ho e hlokomela e le "pontšo ea lijo".
• Liphello:
  • Keketso ea Lijo tse Eketsehileng: Ho eketsa TMAO ho fepa ho ka tsosa takatso ea lijo tsa litlhapi le li-shrimp, haholo-holo nakong ea mekhahlelo ea pele ea ho fepa kapa bakeng sa mefuta e khethiloeng, ka potlako ho li hohela ho fepa.
  • Nako e Fokotseng ea ho Fepa: E khutsufatsa nako ea phepelo e setseng ka metsing, e fokotsa tahlehelo ea lijo le tšilafalo ea metsi.
  • Tšebeliso ea Liphepelo Tse Ling: Ha mehloli ea liprotheine ea limela (mohlala, lijo tsa soya) e sebelisoa ho nkela lijo tsa tlhapi sebaka, ho eketsa TMAO ho ka lefella khaello ea tatso le ho ntlafatsa tatso ea lijo.

2. Osmolyte (Osmotic Pressure Regulator)
Ena ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea 'mele ea TMAO bakeng sa litlhapi tsa leoatleng le tlhapi ea diadromous.

• Mokhoa: Metsi a leoatle ke tikoloho ea hyperosmotic, e etsang hore metsi a ka har'a 'mele oa tlhapi a lule a lahleheloa ke leoatle. Ho boloka ho leka-lekana ha metsi ka hare, litlhapi tsa leoatleng li noa metsi a leoatle 'me li bokella li-ion tsa inorganic tse ngata (mohlala, Na⁺, Cl⁻). TMAO e sebetsa e le "solute e lumellanang" e ka thibelang liphello tse senyang tsa li-ion tse phahameng ka sebopeho sa protheine, ho thusa ho tsitsisa ts'ebetso ea protheine ea intracellular.
• Liphello:
  • Litšenyehelo tse Fokotsoeng tsa Osmoregulatory Energy: Ho tlatsetsa kaTMAOe thusa litlhapi tsa leoatleng ho laola khatello ea osmotic ka mokhoa o atlehileng haholoanyane, kahoo e tsamaisa matla a mangata ho tloha "ho boloka bophelo" ho ea "kholong le ho ikatisa".
  • Mamello e Ntlafetseng ea Khatello ea Maikutlo: Tlas'a maemo a ho fetoha ha letsoai kapa khatello ea tikoloho, tlatsetso ea TMAO e thusa ho boloka homeostasis ea 'mele le ho ntlafatsa litekanyetso tsa ho pholoha.

3. Protheine Stabilizer
TMAO e na le bokhoni bo ikhethang ba ho sireletsa sebopeho sa likarolo tse tharo tsa liprotheine.

• Mechanism: Tlas'a maemo a khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala, mocheso o phahameng, ho felloa ke metsi, khatello e phahameng), liprotheine li na le tšekamelo ea ho senyeha le ho tima. TMAO e ka sebelisana ka tsela e sa tobang le limolek'hule tsa protheine, ka ho khetholoha ka thoko ho protheine ea hydration sphere, ka tsela eo e tsitsisa boemo ba protheine le ho thibela denaturation.
• Liphello:
  • E Sireletsa Bophelo bo Botle ba Matlo: Nakong ea tšilo ea lijo, li-enzyme tsa mala li hloka ho lula li le mafolofolo. TMAO e ka tsitsisa li-enzyme tsena tsa tšilo ea lijo, ea ntlafatsa tšilo ea lijo le ts'ebeliso.
  • E Ntlafatsa Khahlanong le Khatello ea Maikutlo: Nakong ea mocheso o phahameng kapa lipalangoang, ha liphoofolo tsa metsing li tobana le khatello ea mocheso, TMAO e thusa ho sireletsa botsitso ba liprotheine tse fapaneng tse sebetsang (mohlala, li-enzyme, liprotheine tsa sebopeho) 'meleng, ho fokotsa tšenyo e amanang le khatello ea kelello.

4. E Ntlafatsa Bophelo bo Botle ba Mala le Morphology

• Mokhoa: Liphello tsa osmoregulatory le protheine-stabilizing tsa TMAO ka kakaretso li fana ka microenvironment e tsitsitseng haholoanyane bakeng sa lisele tsa mala. E ka 'na ea khothalletsa nts'etsopele ea intestinal villi, ea eketsa sebaka sa ho monya.
• Liphello:
  • E Khothalletsa ho Monyeha ha Limatlafatsi: Ho phela hantle ka mala ho bolela bokhoni bo betere ba ho monya limatlafatsi, e leng senotlolo sa ho ntlafatsa tekanyo ea phepelo ea phepelo.
  • E Ntlafatsa Mosebetsi oa Thibelo ea Mala: E ka thusa ho boloka botšepehi ba mucosa ea mala, ho fokotsa tlhaselo ea likokoana-hloko le chefo.

5. Mofani oa Methyl
TMAO e ka kenya letsoho metabolism ka hare ho 'mele, e sebetsa e le mofani oa methyl.

• Mechanism: nakong ea metabolism,TMAO e ka fana ka lihlopha tse sebetsang tsa methyl, tse nkang karolo liketsong tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa tsa biochemical, joalo ka synthesis ea phospholipids, creatine le neurotransmitters.
• Phello: E khothalletsa kholo, haholo-holo nakong ea mekhahlelo ea kholo e potlakileng moo tlhokahalo ea lihlopha tsa methyl e eketsehang; Tlatsetso ea TMAO e ka thusa ho fihlela tlhoko ena.

III. Lipehelo le Litlhahlobo tsa Kopo

• Lipheo tsa mantlha tsa ts'ebeliso:
  • Litlhapi tsa Marine: Tse kang turbot, grouper, croaker e kholo e tšehla, li-sea bass, joalo-joalo. Tlhokahalo ea bona bakeng sa TMAO e bohlokoa haholo hobane ts'ebetso ea eona ea osmoregulatory ke ea bohlokoa haholo.
  • Litlhapi tsa Diadromous: Tse kang li-salmonids (salmon), tse e hlokang hape nakong ea temo ea leoatleng.
  • Li-crustaceans: Tse kang li-prawn/shrimp le makhala. Liphuputso li boetse li bontša hore TMAO e na le liphello tse ntle tse hohelang le tse khothalletsang kholo.
  • Litlhapi tsa Metsi a Hloekileng: Le hoja litlhapi tsa metsing a hloekileng li sa kopane le TMAO ka botsona, litsamaiso tsa tsona tse nkhang hamonate li ntse li ka e lemoha, e leng ho etsang hore e sebetse e le ntho e hohelang lijo. Leha ho le joalo, mosebetsi oa osmoregulatory ha o sebetse metsing a hloekileng.
• Tekanyo le Litlhokomelo:
  • Tekanyetso: Maemo a tloaelehileng a tlatsetso lijong hangata ke 0.1% ho isa ho 0.3% (ke hore, 1-3 kg ka tone ea phepelo). Tekanyetso e khethehileng e lokela ho khethoa ho ipapisitsoe le liteko tse shebaneng le mefuta ea limela, boemo ba kholo, tlhahiso ea lijo, le maemo a tikoloho ea metsi.
  • Kamano le Choline le Betaine: Choline le betaine ke li-precursors tsa TMAO 'me li ka fetoloa ho TMAO' meleng. Leha ho le joalo, li ke ke tsa nka sebaka sa TMAO ka botlalo ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e fokolang ea phetoho le ts'ebetso e ikhethileng ea TMAO ea ho hohela le ho tsitsisa protheine. Ha e le hantle, hangata li sebelisoa synergistically.
  • Mathata a Tekanyetso: Keketso e feteletseng (e kaholimo ho litekanyetso tse khothaletsoang) e ka baka tšenyo ea litšenyehelo mme e ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe ho mefuta e itseng, empa hajoale e nkuoa e bolokehile maemong a tloaelehileng a tlatsetso.

IV. Kakaretso
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO · 2H₂O) ke phepelo e sebetsang hantle haholo, e nang le mesebetsi e mengata ea phepelo ea metsing e kopanyang mesebetsi ea ho hohela ho fepa, taolo ea khatello ea osmotic, botsitso ba protheine, le ntlafatso ea bophelo bo botle ba mala.

Tšebeliso ea eona ha e eketse feela sekhahla sa ho ja lijo le lebelo la ho hōla ha liphoofolo tse phelang metsing empa hape ka tsela e sa tobang e ntlafatsa katleho ea tšebeliso ea phepelo le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele ka ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa matla a 'mele le ho matlafatsa ho hanyetsa khatello ea maikutlo. Qetellong, e fana ka ts'ehetso e matla ea tekheniki bakeng sa ho eketsa tlhahiso, katleho, le nts'etsopele e tsitsitseng ea temo ea metsing. Lijong tsa sejoale-joale tsa metsing, haholo lijong tsa maemo a holimo tsa tlhapi ea metsing, e fetohile karolo ea bohlokoahali.